This is a working overview of WADA prohibited list, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-04-22 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
AOD-9604 is listed as a prohibited substance in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It falls under the peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics class on the prohibited list. Anti-doping organizations treat its presence in an athlete's sample as an adverse finding unless a therapeutic use exemption applies. The prohibition reflects concerns about performance enhancement in competitive settings and the difficulty of distinguishing exogenous peptide use from endogenous hormone fragments.
Detection of AOD-9604 in biological samples relies on analytical techniques capable of distinguishing a small synthetic peptide from related endogenous sequences. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is commonly used for confirmatory analysis. Sample preparation may involve immunoaffinity enrichment or solid-phase extraction to concentrate the peptide. Because the molecule is small and may be present at low concentrations, assay sensitivity and specificity are ongoing analytical challenges. Laboratories also validate methods against reference materials when available.
AOD-9604 drew attention in the 1990s and 2000s as a potential anti-obesity agent. Early work explored both injectable and oral routes, which is unusual for a peptide of this size. Animal studies reported changes in fat metabolism without the growth-promoting or insulin-like effects associated with full-length growth hormone. Subsequent human trials produced mixed or modest results, and the compound did not obtain regulatory approval for weight management in major markets. It remains known mainly through research literature, sports anti-doping listings, and non-approved supplement advertising.
AOD-9604 is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the peptide hormone class. Its presence in a sample can be detected through mass spectrometry-based methods, although the exact assay depends on the laboratory. In research settings, material is often supplied as a lyophilized powder for reconstitution. Buyers and researchers should note that products labeled AOD-9604 may vary in purity and actual peptide content. Analytical certificates and independent testing are common ways to verify identity, but no global harmonized standard exists for all commercial lots.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport | Listed by WADA under peptide hormones |
| WADA class | S2 | Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics |
| Approved therapeutic use | Not established | Clinical research did not lead to broad marketing approval |
| Common detection method | LC-MS/MS | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry |
| Sample preparation | Extraction and enrichment | Immunoaffinity or solid-phase extraction may be used |
Research interest in AOD-9604 often focuses on whether it can influence lipid metabolism without the growth-promoting or glucose-related effects of full-length hGH. This question remains unresolved, and findings depend on model, dose, and measurement method. Some reviews treat the peptide as a historical obesity candidate rather than an active therapeutic. Others cite it in discussions of peptide fragments, metabolic signaling, and performance-enhancing substances. Clear conclusions are limited by the small number of rigorous, independent human studies.
AOD-9604 has been investigated primarily as a potential treatment for obesity and related metabolic conditions. Early laboratory work examined its effects on fat cells, and later studies moved into animal models and human clinical trials. Some trials reportedly reached Phase II, but the program did not lead to an approved medicine. Published summaries often note that weight-loss results were modest or inconsistent. The full trial data are not all publicly available in detail.
Regulatory treatment of AOD-9604 has varied. In sports anti-doping, the peptide became widely discussed during a 2013 investigation into an Australian professional sports club. Authorities at the time debated whether it fell under prohibitions on growth hormone and related substances. Later clarifications and updated lists have addressed the compound in different ways. Anyone seeking current status should consult the latest applicable rules, and commercial supply for human use is not authorized in major markets.
Clinical development of AOD9604 included trials in people with obesity, but the results did not lead to approval as a prescription medicine in major markets. Interest later shifted to research settings and to unapproved products marketed for body composition. Regulatory agencies have questioned whether the peptide qualifies as a dietary ingredient, and some have issued warnings about its presence in supplements. Long-term human safety data are limited, and questions about efficacy, dosing, and target populations remain unresolved.
AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide modeled on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone. It corresponds to a short sequence near the end of the 191-amino-acid hormone, often described as residues 176–191 or a related fragment. Researchers designed it to separate metabolic effects from the growth-promoting actions of full-length growth hormone. Early work in the 1990s explored it as a candidate for weight and lipid disorders. It is not a naturally circulating hormone fragment produced in large amounts.
=== May === 1 May – A new brain circuit that may act as a "master regulator" of the immune system is reported. 2 May – The first bioprocessing system for human brain organoids performing computational tasks enabling remote wetware computing research via a Python library, NeuroPlatform, is released. 3 May – China launches its Chang'e 6 probe, a robotic sample-return mission to the far side of the Moon. 6 May A new theory states that Venus may have lost its water so quickly due to HCO+ dissociative recombination. People aged over 65 with two copies of the APOE4 gene variant are found to have a 95% chance of developing Alzheimer's disease. 8 May Google introduces AlphaFold 3, a new AI model for accurately predicting the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA, ligands and more, and how they interact. Atmospheric gases surrounding 55 Cancri e, a hot rocky exoplanet 41 light-years from Earth, are detected by researchers using the James Webb Space Telescope. NASA reports this as "the best evidence to date for the existence of any rocky planet atmosphere outside our solar system." The first AI-generated song made with Suno AI reaches over a million listens, shortly after a song with samples generated with Udio became viral. During 2024, AI-generated music created with tools like, most notably, Suno or Udio became sophisticated and popular. Just one year earlier, many experts reportedly thought that AI models capable of generating complete high-quality songs from text prompts wouldn't arrive any time soon.
=== 2010s === In 2010, Grace received approval from the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the merger with Synthetec, which is a company that had developed and manufactured amino acid and peptide products as well as proprietary custom chiral intermediates primarily for the pharmaceutical industry. In 2014, the Grace bankruptcy process terminated. However, some legal procedures continued into the next decade. In February 2016, Grace completed the corporate spin-off of GCP Applied Technologies, which was also as a public trading corporation on the NYSE. Grace shareholders receive GCP stock on 1:1 ratio. GCP Applied Technologies consisted of the concrete admixture and related products company Grace Construction Products (GCP) and Darex, a packaging technologies business unit. In July 2016, Grace acquired the global polyolefin catalysts business unit from BASF.
=== August === 8 August – A helicopter crashes into the Tijuca National Park near Rio de Janeiro, killing four people including three Colombian nationals. 13 August – Eight illustrations by Henri Matisse that were stolen in a 2025 heist from the Mário de Andrade Library in São Paulo are recovered by police at a house in São Bernardo do Campo. 18 August – Petrobras announces the discovery of a petroleum field off the coast of Amapá. 19 August – A minibus collides with a truck near Ipiranga, Paraná, killing 23 people.
Actin, alpha 1 Actinin, alpha 1 Adaptor-related protein complex 2, alpha 1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 family, member A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1 Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member A1 Alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor Apolipoprotein A1 and ApoA-1 Milano ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a1 ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1 ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha 1 BCL2-related protein A1 Butyrophilin, subfamily 1, member A1 Butyrophilin, subfamily 3, member A1 Capping protein (actin filament) muscle Z-line, alpha 1 Carboxypeptidase A1 Casein kinase 1, alpha 1 Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1 Centaurin, alpha 1 Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1 Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide collagen, type I, alpha 1 collagen, type II, alpha 1 Collagen, type III, alpha 1 Collagen, type IV, alpha 1 Collagen, type V, alpha 1 Collagen, type VI, alpha 1 Collagen, type VII, alpha 1 Collagen, type VIII, alpha 1 Collagen, type IX, alpha 1 Collagen, type X, alpha 1 Collagen, type XI, alpha 1 Collagen, type XII, alpha 1 Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1 Collagen, type XIV, alpha 1 Collagen, type XV, alpha 1 Collagen, type XVI, alpha 1 Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 Collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1 Collagen, type XIX, alpha 1 Collagen, type XXV, alpha 1 Collagen, type XXVII, alpha 1 Crystallin, beta A1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 Cyclin A1 Cytochrome P450, family 1, member A1 Defensin, alpha 1 Dystrophin-associated protein A1 Ephrin A1 Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 Family with sequence similarity 13, member A1 Family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine (C-C motif)-like), member A1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 Gap junction protein, alpha 1 GDNF family receptor alpha 1 Glutathione S-transferase A1 Glycine receptor, alpha 1 Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1 Hemoglobin, alpha 1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 Homeobox A1 Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 Importin alpha 1 Interferon, alpha 1 Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1 Karyopherin alpha 1 Laminin, alpha 1 Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1 Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 Myosin light chain A1, an actin-binding protein NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), alpha 1 Nucleolar protein, member A1 PCDHA4 Phospholipase A1 Phosphorylase kinase, alpha 1 Plexin A1 Polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1 Potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha 1 Proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha 1 Protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, f polypeptide (PTPRF), interacting protein (liprin), alpha 1 Protocadherin alpha 1 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 1 RNA binding motif protein, Y-linked, family 1, member A1 Replication protein A1 S100 calcium binding protein A1 Sec61 alpha 1 Serum amyloid A1 Solute carrier family 35 (CMP-sialic acid transporter), member A1 Spectrin, alpha 1 Sperm protein associated with the nucleus, X-linked, family member A1 Syntrophin, alpha 1 Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1 Urea Transporter A1 a gene found in the maize encoding for the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (reducing dihydroflavonols into flavan-4-ols) in the phlobaphene metabolic pathway proteins
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
PC Zone gave a rating of three out of five. Opposing Force CTF – A capture the flag mod based on Gearbox Software's expansion pack Half-Life: Opposing Force that was originally released in Half-Life patch 1.1.0.0. A standalone version was released a few months later. Oz Deathmatch – An early serverside mod that is a collection of deathmatch configuration options. Options that can be changed include magazine size, amount of blood, and weapon recoil. The mod also adds a new gadget, a grappling hook. The mod also supports Team Fortress Classic maps. In January 2000, it was listed among the top five HL mods on GameSpy's server browser. CNET Gamecenter placed it on its list of top 10 Half-Life mods, writing: "Oz has long been one of our favorite ways to deathmatch." Ricochet – An official Half-Life mod by Valve. It was released on November 1, 2000, and included in Half-Life's version 1.1.1.0 update, released on June 12, 2002. Ports of the game to OS X and Linux were released through Steam on August 1, 2013. Rocket Crowbar – An early mod that modifies every weapon in the game. For example the crowbar shoots "drunk" rockets and RPG shoots scientist and Barney modelled proximity mines. The mod also includes a capture the flag mode. Rocket Crowbar Redux: Source, was released for the Source engine. It includes weapons like gravity grenade and a scientist shotgun. Runaway Train – Similar to the game king of the hill, one player is on a train, the other players try to knock them off of it. The longer the player stays on the train, the more points they score.
The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. It lies below the ileocecal valve in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site of the appendix attachment.
Taihō had just launched 42 aircraft as a part of the second raid when Albacore fired the torpedo spread. Of the six torpedoes fired, four veered off-target. Japanese pilot Sakio Komatsu had recently launched and from his aircraft sighted one of the two torpedoes which were heading for Taihō. Komatsu dived into the path of the torpedo which then detonated. The sixth torpedo struck the carrier on her starboard side and ruptured two aviation fuel tanks. The carrier's escorting destroyers made depth charge attacks but caused only minor damage to Albacore. Initially, the damage to Taihō seemed minor; the flooding was quickly contained and the carrier's propulsion and navigation were unaffected. Taihō quickly resumed regular operations, but gasoline vapor from the ruptured fuel tanks began to fill the hangar decks, creating an increasingly dangerous situation on board.
=== Rats === The copper level of rats that are exposed to crude oil noticeably shrank which indicates ejection of copper with lack of its absorption. Synthesis of catecholamine which enables total functions of body, emotions, and perception may be hindered by reduction of copper concentration. In addition to it, a rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes, in proportion to dose was seen in the rats, which were treated with BLCO for 21 days in a row. This phenomenon means induction of enzymes and especially in the case of GST, its increase may contribute to the availability of glutathione (GSH). Adedara and Farombi say that "Elevated level of intracellular hepatic GSH concentration observed in the BLCO-treated rats indicates an adaptive response to reduce damage and promote better survival under the conditions of oxidative stress induced by BLCO treatment". The elicitation of GSH in testes and sperm is controlled by BLCO. In contrast to rats treated for 21 days, the activities of those enzymes in rats exposed to BLCO for 45 days were decreased. Furthermore, in terms of sperms, noticeable shrink in mobility, number, and life/dead ratio was shown and total abnormality was elevated. However, abnormalities in sperms occurred by bonny light oil were able to be relieved with the help of vitamin E or quercetin. They have functions that restore normal hormonal levels and sperm parameters as well as inhibit oxidation.
Other Marvel Comics adaptations have also had success with the Spider-Man and X-Men properties, while films based on Batman and Superman from DC Comics have generally performed well. Beyond the superhero genre, Star Wars, with four films, is the most represented franchise in the nominal earnings chart. Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels, it is headed by Avatar, which is an original work. Animated family films have performed consistently well, with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home-video era. Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen and its sequel, Zootopia and its sequel, and The Lion King (along with its computer-animated remake), as well as its Pixar division, of which Inside Out 2, Incredibles 2, and Toy Story 3, 4 and 5 have been the best performers. Beyond Disney and Pixar animation, China's Ne Zha 2 (the highest-grossing animated film), and the Despicable Me and Shrek series have met with the most success. While inflation has eroded the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s, there are franchises originating from that period that are still active. Besides the Star Wars franchise, James Bond films are still being released periodically; both are among the highest-grossing franchises. Some of the older films that held the record of highest-grossing film still have respectable grosses by today's standards, but no longer compete numerically against today's top-earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Yes, the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies AOD-9604 as a prohibited peptide hormone and related substance. Its use by athletes is banned under the relevant anti-doping code.
Confirmatory detection typically uses liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Immunoassays may be used for screening, but mass spectrometry provides structural confirmation.
No widely approved therapeutic indication exists for AOD-9604. It has been investigated in clinical studies, but regulatory approvals for general medical use are not established.
No. It is a synthetic peptide fragment modeled on part of human growth hormone, not the full hormone. It does not contain the complete sequence or receptor-binding regions of hGH.